Underwater Strobe & Flash Photography
Type: Photography technique / lighting
Significance: Essential for restoring color and light lost to water absorption; the defining technical challenge of UW photography
Overview
Strobe (flash) lighting is essential for underwater photography because water absorbs color and light rapidly — reds disappear within a few meters, and even a powerful 100-watt video light produces roughly 1.2 watt-seconds of exposure at a typical shutter speed, while a decent strobe can deliver 100 watt-seconds or more ([1]). The evolution from film-era Nikonos TTL through digital preflash systems to modern fiber-optic and electronic triggering represents one of the key technical narratives in the Wetpixel archive. The community has broadly settled on manual exposure as the standard for serious shooters, while TTL systems continue to evolve for convenience.
Alex Mustard in 2019: “None of the 100s of serious underwater photographers I dive with each year use [TTL] because it does not have the consistency of shooting in manual” ([2]).
Flash Tube Technology
Underwater strobes use either linear or circular flash tubes, and the tube shape directly affects light quality ([3]):
- Linear flash tubes — Most common; often arranged in a T-shape with reflectors to spread light. Used by INON, Sea & Sea, and Ikelite. Less expensive to manufacture but produce less even light distribution.
- Circular flash tubes — Natively produce a more even, wider spread of light but require more energy (larger capacitors, bigger battery packs). Used by Seacam since the Seaflash 250 (2005), and later adopted by Retra in their Pro/Prime models (2020) and ONEUW in the 160X (2019).
Color temperature matters significantly. Warmer strobes (4400–4600K) produce flattering skin tones and richer blue backgrounds, while cooler strobes (5500K+) can look harsh. INON addressed this with specific diffusers that correct output to 4800K or 4400K ([4]). The warm-vs-cold debate has been a recurring community discussion since at least 2006 ([5]).
TTL Evolution
Main article: TTL Flash Metering
The history of underwater TTL is a story of incompatible systems:
Film-Era TTL
- Nikonos TTL — Direct through-the-lens flash metering via hardwired sync cord. Standard with the Nikonos V and housed film SLRs. Did not work with early digital SLRs like the Nikon D1X because digital sensors reflected light differently than film ([6]).
Digital Preflash Systems (2003–2005)
The transition to digital cameras created a fundamental incompatibility. Most digital cameras used preflash metering — sending test pulses before the main exposure — which triggered traditional slave strobes prematurely. James Wiseman documented the three competing approaches in his foundational 2002 guide ([7]):
- Ikelite TTL slave sensor — Electronics modified to detect preflash from camera’s internal flash and mimic it, enabling the camera’s TTL system to control the external strobe
- Manual slave with preflash cancel — Strobes like the Sea & Sea YS-90DX ignored preflash and triggered on main flash; photographer controlled power manually via 12-step controller
- ROC (Remote Optical Controller) — Light & Motion put strobe power control inside the housing itself, enabling any strobe to be used
E-TTL / i-TTL (2004)
Three competing digital TTL approaches arrived simultaneously in 2004:
- Ikelite eTTL — Eric Cheng reported Ikelite’s eTTL-to-TTL bridge for Canon 300D, enabling DS-50 and DS-125 SubStrobes to do TTL with Canon DSLRs ([8])
- Sea & Sea YS-55TTL/E — First E-TTL-compatible YS-series strobe, designed for both Canon digital SLRs and compact digital cameras ([9])
- Subtronic mini ETTL — European alternative; a compact dedicated eTTL strobe for Canon 300D ([10])
S-TTL (Slave TTL via Fiber Optic)
- INON D-2000 (2004) — First multi-mode strobe offering S-TTL, External Auto, 13-step Manual, and Nikonos TTL. INON’s S-TTL was a fundamentally different approach: the D-2000’s flash tube was engineered to have the same rapid flash duration as a camera’s internal strobe, enabling it to exactly duplicate the camera’s controlling signal — unlike existing strobes (Z-220, YS-90DX) whose flash duration was roughly five times longer ([11], [12])
- DA2 (Digital Adapter 2) — Matthias Heinrichs’ adapter was the first popular slave TTL solution for compact digicams, with an adjustable gain factor to extend flash duration for larger strobes ([13])
Third-Party TTL Converters (2016–present)
- UW Technics — Founded by Pavel Kolpakov, this company revolutionized underwater TTL by producing internal and external converter boards compatible with virtually every camera/housing/strobe combination. First product appeared at BOOT 2016 for Nikon cameras with Z-240 and YS-D1/D2 strobes ([14]). By 2022, UW Technics offered boards for Canon, Nikon, Sony, Olympus, Panasonic, and Fujifilm in Nauticam, Sea & Sea, Aquatica, and Marelux housings ([15], [16])
- HSS (High-Speed Sync) — UW Technics introduced TTL boards with HSS support (2020), enabling sync speeds up to 1/8000s — useful near the surface, in bright sunlight, and for creative shallow depth-of-field work ([17]). Seacam’s 60D also supported HSS to 1/8000s via firmware ([18])
- TRT Electronics TURTLE — TTL trigger for Olympus PT housings (2016–2019), later the TURTLE SMART universal converter ([19], [20])
- Retra Bluetooth — The Retra Flash Pro/Prime (2020) was the first underwater strobe with smartphone connectivity via Bluetooth, enabling firmware updates and advanced feature configuration via a mobile app ([21])
Strobe Triggering Methods
Hardwired Sync Cord
The original method: electrical cable from camera hotshoe through housing bulkhead to strobe. Nikonos 5-pin and Ikelite connectors were standard. Reliable but failure-prone at connection points. Seacam’s S6 connector became the European standard ([22]).
Fiber Optic Triggering
Using fiber optic cables from the camera’s internal flash (or LED trigger circuit) to fire external strobes. Eliminates potential electrical sync cord failure and flooding risk, and enables S-TTL. By the 2010s, this became the dominant connection method for most manufacturers. Fiber optic triggering works with INON, Sea & Sea, and Nauticam cables interchangeably on many strobes ([23]).
Electronic Flash Triggers
- Nauticam Flash Trigger — Internal LED circuit board replacing the camera’s pop-up flash for mirrorless cameras without built-in flash ([24])
- Anglerfish Trigger — Remote slave trigger for off-camera strobe placement; evolved through three versions (2017–2018) ([25], [26])
- Seacam Remote Strobe Trigger — For off-camera work with Seacam strobes
- Marelux Smart Optical Flash Tube (SOFT) — Combines optical snoot with adjustable beam and built-in aiming light; compatible with YS-D2, YS-D3, Z-240, Z-330, and Retra Pro X ([27])
Foolproof Flash Firing
Getting strobes to fire reliably was a recurring challenge. Adam Hanlon and Alex Mustard dedicated a Wetpixel Live episode to describing the “dark arts” of camera-strobe communication, covering the differences between preflash protocols across camera brands and the practical steps to ensure reliable triggering ([28]).
Key Techniques
Manual Strobe Exposure
The dominant approach for serious underwater photographers. The photographer sets strobe power based on subject distance, aperture, and experience. Digital instant feedback (“chimping”) replaced the need for precise guide number calculations. Alex Mustard and Adam Hanlon emphasized that “the quality of light produced by strobes is more important than the amount of light they output” — playing to each strobe’s strengths is more effective than demanding one strobe do everything ([29]).
Strobe Positioning
Correct strobe placement is critical and varies by shooting style:
- Traditional wide-angle — Strobes set wide for “edge lighting” to minimize backscatter
- CFWA (Close Focus Wide Angle) — Strobes pulled in close to dome port, pointing slightly outside parallel, because the dome is inches from the subject. Mike Veitch explained the technique: getting close enough to fill half the frame with the main subject while composing the background with a secondary element like sunburst or diver silhouette ([30])
- Fisheye — Strobes pulled behind the camera plane to avoid strobe flare in the extreme field of view
- Backscatter reduction — Beam restrictors/snoots (e.g., Retra’s Reduction Ring), inward lighting, pulling strobes behind camera. Mustard switched from ONEUW 160X strobes to Retra strobes with beam restrictors when shooting inside the particle-filled Thistlegorm wreck ([31])
Snooting and Selective Lighting
Main article: Snoot & Focused Beam Lighting
Snoots focus strobe output into a narrow beam for dramatic macro images with black backgrounds. The technique evolved significantly:
- Keri Wilk pioneered underwater snoot photography with tube/funnel-type snoots that produced groundbreaking images, often shot at night to avoid ambient light overpowering the spotlight. His DivePhotoGuide article became the definitive reference ([32])
- Retra LSD (Light Shaping Device) — Launched circa 2011, the LSD used optics to focus (rather than block) strobe light into a collimated beam, providing greater working distance and dramatically more power than reductive snoots. Could shoot at f/22, ISO 200 in bright Caribbean daylight and still achieve pure black backgrounds. The LSD Prime (2013, lower-cost version) made snooting accessible to more photographers ([33])
- INON snoots — Announced for S-2000 (2010) and Z-330/D-200 (2019) strobes ([34], [35])
- Marelux SOFT — Smart Optical Flash Tube (2022) with adjustable aperture dial and built-in aiming light ([36])
- Mike Bartick authored “Effective Snooting” (2018), further advancing the craft ([37])
Off-Camera Lighting
Placing strobes away from the camera rig for creative effects. Wetpixel Live devoted multiple episodes to the subject: tools for ensuring off-camera strobes fire reliably (2020) and choosing between strobes vs. continuous lights for off-camera work, depending on environment and creative goals (2022) ([38], [39]).
Diffusers and Light Shaping
Diffusers spread and soften strobe output at the cost of power. Key developments:
- Flat diffusers — Standard from most manufacturers; INON offered temperature-correcting versions (4800K, 4400K)
- Dome diffusers — Seacam pioneered curved diffusers for more uniform light spread; Retra adopted a bayonet-mount dome diffuser system optimized for 4500K warm light and 130-degree coverage ([40])
- CM Custom Diffusers — Photographer Clark Miller created dome-shaped diffusers that directed light more uniformly across the entire beam width, available for INON Z-240, Ikelite DS-161/160/125, and Sea & Sea YS-D1/YS-250. Adam Hanlon found the light “simply gorgeous — even, soft, and wraps around subjects smoothly” ([41])
- Retra’s bayonet system — Allowed underwater swapping between Wide Angle, White (green water), Shark (warm, minimal diffusion for distant subjects), Protection Ring, and Reduction Ring accessories ([42])
Magic Filter / Ambient Light Alternative
Using colored filters to shoot without strobes in shallow water. Craig Jones authored the foundational article on filters and ambient light photography (2003), explaining how water acts as a variable filter of visible light and how compensating filters could restore color ([43]). Commercialized by Alex Mustard and Peter Rowlands as “Magic Filters,” with their “Shooting Magic” educational DVD debuting at DEMA 2008 ([44]). See also: Wide-Angle Photography.
Battery Technology and Longevity
Strobe battery choice became a significant community concern:
- Eneloop NiMH batteries — Long the recommended rechargeable AA for strobes, Panasonic’s own website (as of 2018) specifically warned against using Eneloop batteries in “underwater lights or other airtight appliances” due to hydrogen gas buildup risk. Adam Hanlon noted that “many, many images have been taken with strobes powered by Eneloop batteries” without incident, but the advisory created uncertainty ([45])
- Proprietary battery packs — Used by Seacam (Seaflash 250’s non-removable internal battery drew criticism; the 150 switched to removable packs), ONEUW (NiMH packs at 175 euros each), and Ikelite. Trade-off: convenience vs. availability in the field ([46])
- 18650 Li-Ion cells — Backscatter MF-1 Mini Flash used a single Nitecore 18650 cell (common in vaping devices), providing high-output power on demand ([47])
- Strobe longevity — Alex Mustard and Adam Hanlon discussed on Wetpixel Live that while longevity matters when selecting a strobe, “the quality of light it creates should be emphasized” over raw lifespan ([48])
Strobe Floods and Troubleshooting
Strobe floods (water intrusion) and misfires were common enough that Wetpixel Live dedicated episodes to both strobe flood prevention (2020) and general strobe troubleshooting (2021), drawing on the extensive experience of the community ([49], [50]).
Key Strobes in the Archive
High-Power Wide-Angle Strobes
| Strobe | Year | Power | Tube | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ikelite DS-125 | 2001+ | 125 Ws | Linear | Workhorse digital strobe; first eTTL converter milestone (2004) | [51] |
| Seacam Seaflash 250 | 2005 | 250 Ws | Circular | First circular-tube UW strobe; dual color temp bulbs (4300K/5200K); i-TTL/e-TTL; non-removable battery drew criticism | [52] |
| INON Z-240 | 2006+ | ~100 Ws | Linear | Flagship benchmark for a decade; 100-degree beam; affordable | — |
| Sea & Sea YS-250 PRO | 2007 | 250 Ws | Linear | Long-time favorite of many photographers; discontinued 2016 due to proprietary battery pack weakness | [53] |
| Seacam Seaflash 150 | 2007 | 150 Ws | Circular | 130-degree beam, 4600K, removable battery; Alex Mustard’s reference strobe for 12+ years. Stephen Frink praised its TTL accuracy | [54], [55] |
| Ikelite DS-160 | 2008 | 160 Ws | Linear | 10 manual power settings | [56] |
| Sea & Sea YS-D1 / YS-D2 | 2012/2015 | — | Linear | Reliability issues with YS-D1 drove community to alternatives | — |
| INON Z-330 | 2017 | GN33 | Linear | Z-240 successor; tested alongside Retra Flash and Symbiosis SS2 by Wetpixel in Red Sea (2018) | [57] |
| Retra Flash | 2017 | 100 Ws | Linear | Bayonet diffuser system; 4500K; AA batteries; Mustard collaborated on design. Ceased production April 2018 for production refinement | [58], [59] |
| ONEUW 160X | 2019 | 157 Ws | Circular | Italian-made; strikingly similar to Seacam 150 in design; 130-degree beam, 4600K; $1,700 | [60] |
| Retra Flash Pro / Prime | 2020 | 150/100 Ws | Circular | First UW strobes with circular flash tube + Bluetooth smartphone connectivity; leak detector; fiber optic only; Pro €899, Prime €799 | [61] |
| Scubalamp D-Max | 2020 | — | — | Chinese-made competitor to Retra Pro; reviewed head-to-head by Klostermann and Rossi | [62] |
| Retra Pro X / Prime X | 2021 | 150/100 Ws | Circular | 25% faster recycle, 20% more efficient, 8% lighter; dedicated HSS mode; Pro X €999 | [63] |
| Ikelite DS230 | 2021 | 213 Ws | Linear | Integrated 2500-lumen video light; redesigned controls; ICS-5 electrical plug | [64] |
| Seacam Seaflash 160D | 2019+ | 160 Ws | Circular | Successor to 150; reviewed by Hanlon after COVID travel delays | [65] |
Compact and Macro Strobes
| Strobe | Year | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| INON D-2000 | 2004 | First multi-mode (S-TTL + Nikonos TTL + manual); GN20 | [66] |
| INON D-180S | 2003 | Compact strobe with LED focus light; cost-effective version of D-180 | [67] |
| Sea & Sea YS-03 | 2014 | Universal lighting system; TTL; 100-degree beam; $350 with arm/tray/fiber cable; aimed at compact camera users | [68] |
| i-Divesite Symbiosis SS-1/SS-2 | 2016 | Hybrid video light + strobe; user-upgradable LED heads; tested alongside Z-330 and Retra in Wetpixel strobe comparison | [69], [70] |
| Seacam 60D | 2019 | 60 Ws, circular tube, 130-degree beam, 4400K; HSS to 1/8000s; compact (550g); SOS emergency mode | [71] |
| Backscatter MF-1 | 2019 | Compact macro strobe ($399); single 18650 battery; built-in LED focus light; designed from the ground up with OS-1 Optical Snoot ($149); created new category | [72], [73] |
| Backscatter MF-2 | 2022 | Version 2: optical TTL with Olympus, HSS, wireless control; $399 | [74] |
Key Educators
- James Wiseman — “Strobe Use for Digital Cameras for Beginners” (2002), the foundational guide that explained preflash systems, TTL slave vs. manual slave, and the ROC system to a community transitioning from film to digital ([75])
- Alex Mustard — Primary strobe technique authority across two decades; reviewed Retra, ONEUW, Seacam strobes; Retra LSD snoot evangelist; advocate for manual over TTL; co-host of Wetpixel Live series on strobe topics
- Stephen Frink — Documented early digital TTL challenges in Seacam D1X field journal (2002); early adopter and advocate for Seacam 150 strobe ([76], [77])
- Peter Rowlands — Co-developed Magic Filters; UwP Magazine editor
- Craig Jones — Authored foundational article on ambient light filter photography (2003) ([78])
- Keri Wilk — Pioneered underwater snoot photography; his DivePhotoGuide article became the definitive reference ([79])
- Clark Miller — Developed CM Custom Diffusers and authored articles on strobe positioning for wide-angle ([80])
- Pavel Kolpakov — Founded UW Technics; developed TTL converter boards for virtually every camera/housing combination; authored articles on TTL fundamentals and HSS ([81])
- Mike Bartick — Reviewed Backscatter MF-1; authored “Effective Snooting” guide ([82], [83])
- Adam Hanlon — Conducted comprehensive Wetpixel strobe comparison tests (INON Z-330, Retra Flash, Symbiosis SS2) in the Red Sea (2018); co-host of 200+ Wetpixel Live episodes covering strobe topics ([84])
Wetpixel Live Strobe Series
Adam Hanlon and Alex Mustard produced an extensive series of Wetpixel Live video episodes on strobe topics (2020–2022):
- TTL or Manual Strobe Triggering (Ep 6) — The most popular Wetpixel Live episode (10,654 views), covering the fundamental choice between TTL and manual flash control ([85])
- Foolproof Flash Firing — Camera-strobe communication methods ([86])
- Strobe Diffusers: When and Why — Diffuser selection and usage ([87])
- Strobe Arms and Clamps — Physical mounting systems ([88])
- Off-Camera Lighting Tools — Remote triggering and positioning ([89])
- Snoot Round-Up — Comprehensive snoot comparison ([90])
- Strobe Flood Advice — Prevention and recovery ([91])
- Strobe Troubleshooting — Common problems and solutions ([92])
- Strobe Power Primer — Power vs. light quality ([93])
- How Long Do Strobes Last — Longevity considerations ([94])
- Strobe Power Guide (Ep 161) — Practical guide to strobe power selection (6,098 views) ([95])
- Creative Single Strobe Use (Ep 209) — Techniques for working with one strobe (5,146 views) ([96])
- How to Choose an Underwater Flash (Ep 238) — Buyer’s guide to strobe selection ([97])
- Strobes vs Lights for Off-Camera — Choosing between flash and continuous ([98])
Timeline
- 2002: Stephen Frink documents Nikonos TTL incompatibility with D1X ([99])
- 2002: James Wiseman publishes strobe beginner’s guide, documenting preflash-era challenges ([100])
- 2003: Craig Jones publishes foundational article on filters and ambient light photography ([101])
- 2003: INON D-180S strobe launches as cost-effective compact option ([102])
- 2004: Three competing digital TTL approaches arrive simultaneously — Ikelite eTTL, Sea & Sea YS-55TTL/E, and INON D-2000 S-TTL
- 2004: Herb Ko documents DIY fiber optic retrofitting of Nikon SB-105 film strobe for digital use ([103])
- 2005: INON publishes official S-TTL technical explanation with waveform comparisons ([104])
- 2005: Seacam Seaflash 250 introduces circular flash tube and 250 Ws to UW photography ([105])
- 2006: Community debates warm vs. cold strobe color temperatures ([106])
- 2007: Seacam Seaflash 150 ships — compact circular-tube strobe becomes Alex Mustard’s reference ([107])
- 2008: Magic Filters and “Shooting Magic” DVD at DEMA ([108])
- 2010: Keri Wilk’s snoot photography article sparks widespread interest in selective lighting ([109])
- 2013: Retra LSD Prime snoot reviewed by Alex Mustard — optical snooting enters mainstream ([110])
- 2014: Sea & Sea YS-03 universal system targets compact camera users at $350 ([111])
- 2014: CM Custom dome diffusers demonstrate that diffuser shape significantly affects light quality ([112])
- 2016: UW Technics releases first TTL converter board at BOOT Show; Sea & Sea discontinues YS-250 PRO ([113], [114])
- 2016: i-Divesite Symbiosis SS-1/SS-2 hybrid video light/strobe system launches ([115])
- 2017: Retra Flash ships — first new strobe manufacturer in years; ceases production for refinement in April 2018 ([116], [117])
- 2018: Wetpixel conducts comprehensive three-strobe comparison (INON Z-330, Retra Flash, Symbiosis SS2) in the Red Sea ([118])
- 2018: Panasonic Eneloop battery safety advisory creates uncertainty for strobe users ([119])
- 2019: Seacam 60D compact strobe with HSS to 1/8000s; ONEUW 160X reviewed; Backscatter MF-1 creates compact macro strobe category; UW Technics TTL converters proliferate across all major camera brands
- 2020: Retra ships redesigned Pro (150 Ws circular tube) and Prime (100 Ws) with Bluetooth connectivity ([120])
- 2021: Retra Pro X / Prime X announced (25% faster recycle, HSS mode); Ikelite DS230 (213 Ws + video light); Scubalamp D-Max enters market ([121], [122], [123])
- 2022: Marelux SOFT optical snoot ships; Backscatter MF-2 with optical TTL and HSS ([124], [125])
References
Wetpixel Live
Sources
- Wetpixel article, Oct 31, 2002: Strobe Use For Digital Cameras For Beginners ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 10, 2019: Field Review Oneuw 160x Strobe By Alex Mustard ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 15, 2019: Field Review Seacam 60d Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 27, 2014: Review Cm Custom Strobe Diffusers ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 22, 2006: Warm Or Cold Strobes Whats Your Preference ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 22, 2002: Seacam D1x Housing Field Journal ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 31, 2002: Strobe Use For Digital Cameras For Beginners ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 6, 2004: Ikelite Does Canon Ettl ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 8, 2004: Sea Sea Ys 55ttle Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 8, 2004: Subtronic Announces Mini Eos 300d Ettl Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 11, 2005: Inon D 2000 S Ttl Official Explanation ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 2, 2004: Inon D 2000 Ultra Multimode Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 3, 2005: Slave Ttl For Digicams1 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 6, 2016: Uw Technics Releases Ttl Converter ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 28, 2017: Field Review Uwtechnics External Optical Ttl Converter ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 29, 2022: Uw Technics Ships Ttl Board For Canon In Marelux Housings ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 17, 2020: Uw Technics Offer Ttl Board With Hss Support ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 15, 2019: Field Review Seacam 60d Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 5, 2016: Rt Electronics Releases The Turtle Ttl Strobe Trigger ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 21, 2019: Electronics Ships Turtle Smart Ttl Converter ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 29, 2020: Retra Ships Prime And Pro Flashes ↩
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- Wetpixel article, Sep 20, 2017: Field Review Retra Flash By Alex Mustard And Friends ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 10, 2019: Field Review Oneuw 160x Strobe By Alex Mustard ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 31, 2017: Anglerfish Creative Lighting Ships The Anglerfish Trigger ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 3, 2018: Anglerfish Has Announced Version 3 Of Their Slave Strobe Trigger ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 8, 2022: Marelux Ships Smart Optical Flash Tube ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 16, 2020: Wetpixel Live Foolproof Flash Firing ↩
- Wetpixel article, May 18, 2021: Wetpixel Live Strobe Power Primer ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 11, 2011: The Near And Far ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 10, 2019: Field Review Oneuw 160x Strobe By Alex Mustard ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 17, 2010: Article By Keri Wilk On Underwater Snoot Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 18, 2013: Field Review Retra Lsd Prime Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jun 2, 2010: Inon Announces Snoots For S 2000 Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 17, 2019: Inon Ships Snoot Set For Z330 D200 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 8, 2022: Marelux Ships Smart Optical Flash Tube ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 23, 2018: Mike Bartick Effective Snooting ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 27, 2020: Wetpixel Live Off Camera Lighting Tools ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 16, 2022: Wetpixel Live Strobes Vs Lights For Off Camera ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 20, 2017: Field Review Retra Flash By Alex Mustard And Friends ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 27, 2014: Review Cm Custom Strobe Diffusers ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 20, 2017: Field Review Retra Flash By Alex Mustard And Friends ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jun 30, 2003: Filters And Ambient Light Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 29, 2008: Dema 2008 Magic Filters And Uwp Mag ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 3, 2018: Eneloop Batteries Not Recommended For Use In Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 10, 2019: Field Review Oneuw 160x Strobe By Alex Mustard ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 5, 2020: Review Mike Bartick On The Backscatter Mini Flash And Optical Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 23, 2021: Wetpixel Live How Long Do Strobes Last ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 15, 2020: Wetpixel Live Strobe Flood Advice ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 2, 2021: Wetpixel Live Strobe Troubleshooting ↩
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- Wetpixel article, Nov 17, 2008: From The Forums Frink On Seacam 150 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jun 28, 2008: Ikelite Substrobe Ds 160 Announced ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 19, 2018: Strobe Tests Inon Z330 Retra Flash And Symbiosis Ss2 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 20, 2017: Field Review Retra Flash By Alex Mustard And Friends ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 25, 2018: Retra Ceases Production Of Their Flash ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 10, 2019: Field Review Oneuw 160x Strobe By Alex Mustard ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 29, 2020: Retra Ships Prime And Pro Flashes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 25, 2021: Strobe Review Scubalamp D Max And Retra Pro Flash ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 24, 2021: Retra Announces Pro X And Prime X Flashes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 8, 2021: Ikelite Announces New Ds Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 8, 2021: Field Report Seacam Seaflash 160d Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 2, 2004: Inon D 2000 Ultra Multimode Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 2, 2003: Inons New D 180s Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 10, 2014: Sea Sea Announces The Ys 03 Universal Lighting System ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 20, 2016: I Divesite Releases Details Of Symbiosis Lighting System ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 19, 2018: Strobe Tests Inon Z330 Retra Flash And Symbiosis Ss2 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 15, 2019: Field Review Seacam 60d Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 22, 2019: Backscatter Announces Mf 1 Mini Flash And Os 1 Optical Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 5, 2020: Review Mike Bartick On The Backscatter Mini Flash And Optical Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 3, 2022: Backscatter Announces Mini Flash Version 2 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 31, 2002: Strobe Use For Digital Cameras For Beginners ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 22, 2002: Seacam D1x Housing Field Journal ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 17, 2008: From The Forums Frink On Seacam 150 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jun 30, 2003: Filters And Ambient Light Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 17, 2010: Article By Keri Wilk On Underwater Snoot Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 27, 2014: Review Cm Custom Strobe Diffusers ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 6, 2016: Uw Technics Releases Ttl Converter ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 23, 2018: Mike Bartick Effective Snooting ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 5, 2020: Review Mike Bartick On The Backscatter Mini Flash And Optical Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 8, 2018: Behind The Scenes Strobe Testing In The Red Sea ↩
- Source: wetpixel_live/006-ttl-or-manual-guidance-on-how-to-trigger-your-strobes-for-underwater-photography.md ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 16, 2020: Wetpixel Live Foolproof Flash Firing ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 24, 2020: Wetpixel Live Strobe Diffusers When And Why ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jul 31, 2020: Wetpixel Live Strobe Arms And Clamps ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 27, 2020: Wetpixel Live Off Camera Lighting Tools ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 27, 2020: Wetpixel Live Snoot Round Up ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 15, 2020: Wetpixel Live Strobe Flood Advice ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 2, 2021: Wetpixel Live Strobe Troubleshooting ↩
- Wetpixel article, May 18, 2021: Wetpixel Live Strobe Power Primer ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 23, 2021: Wetpixel Live How Long Do Strobes Last ↩
- Source: wetpixel_live/161-strobe-power-guide-for-underwater-photographers.md ↩
- Source: wetpixel_live/209-creative-single-strobe-use-for-underwater-photographers.md ↩
- Source: wetpixel_live/238-how-to-choose-an-underwater-flash.md ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 16, 2022: Wetpixel Live Strobes Vs Lights For Off Camera ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 22, 2002: Seacam D1x Housing Field Journal ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 31, 2002: Strobe Use For Digital Cameras For Beginners ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jun 30, 2003: Filters And Ambient Light Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 2, 2003: Inons New D 180s Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 30, 2004: New Digital Life For An Old Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 11, 2005: Inon D 2000 S Ttl Official Explanation ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 2, 2005: Seacams Seaflash 250 Digital Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 22, 2006: Warm Or Cold Strobes Whats Your Preference ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 6, 2007: Seacam Seaflash 150 Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 29, 2008: Dema 2008 Magic Filters And Uwp Mag ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 17, 2010: Article By Keri Wilk On Underwater Snoot Photography ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 18, 2013: Field Review Retra Lsd Prime Snoot ↩
- Wetpixel article, Oct 10, 2014: Sea Sea Announces The Ys 03 Universal Lighting System ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 27, 2014: Review Cm Custom Strobe Diffusers ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 6, 2016: Uw Technics Releases Ttl Converter ↩
- Wetpixel article, Aug 30, 2016: Seasea Discontinues The Ys 250 Strobe ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 20, 2016: I Divesite Releases Details Of Symbiosis Lighting System ↩
- Wetpixel article, Sep 20, 2017: Field Review Retra Flash By Alex Mustard And Friends ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 25, 2018: Retra Ceases Production Of Their Flash ↩
- Wetpixel article, Feb 19, 2018: Strobe Tests Inon Z330 Retra Flash And Symbiosis Ss2 ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 3, 2018: Eneloop Batteries Not Recommended For Use In Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Jan 29, 2020: Retra Ships Prime And Pro Flashes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 24, 2021: Retra Announces Pro X And Prime X Flashes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Dec 8, 2021: Ikelite Announces New Ds Strobes ↩
- Wetpixel article, Apr 25, 2021: Strobe Review Scubalamp D Max And Retra Pro Flash ↩
- Wetpixel article, Mar 8, 2022: Marelux Ships Smart Optical Flash Tube ↩
- Wetpixel article, Nov 3, 2022: Backscatter Announces Mini Flash Version 2 ↩
- Strobe use for beginners — James Wiseman (2002) (article) ↩
- Seacam D1X field journal — Stephen Frink (2002) (article) ↩
- Filters and ambient light photography — Craig Jones (2003) (article) ↩
- INON D-180S strobe (2003) (article) ↩
- New digital life for an old strobe — Herb Ko (2004) (article) ↩
- Ikelite does Canon eTTL (2004) (article) ↩
- Sea & Sea YS-55TTL/E (2004) (article) ↩
- Subtronic mini ETTL strobe (2004) (article) ↩
- INON D-2000 review (2004) (article) ↩
- Slave TTL for digicams — Julian Scheunemann (2005) (article) ↩
- INON D-2000 S-TTL official explanation (2005) (article) ↩
- Seacam Seaflash 250 digital (2005) (article) ↩
- Warm or cold strobes (2006) (article) ↩
- Seacam Seaflash 150 (2007) (article) ↩
- Frink on Seacam 150 (2008) (article) ↩
- Magic Filters at DEMA (2008) (article) ↩
- Keri Wilk on snoot photography (2010) (article) ↩
- INON snoots for S-2000 (2010) (article) ↩
- CFWA tutorial — Mike Veitch (2011) (article) ↩
- Seacam Sea Flash 150D review — Drew Wong (2012) (article) ↩
- Retra LSD Prime snoot review — Alex Mustard (2013) (article) ↩
- CM Custom diffusers review (2014) (article) ↩
- Sea & Sea YS-03 universal lighting (2014) (article) ↩
- UW Technics TTL converter (2016) (article) ↩
- Sea & Sea discontinues YS-250 (2016) (article) ↩
- i-Divesite Symbiosis lighting system (2016) (article) ↩
- TRT Electronics TURTLE TTL trigger (2016) (article) ↩
- UW Technics external optical TTL converter review (2017) (article) ↩
- Retra Flash review — Alex Mustard (2017) (article) ↩
- Strobe tests: Z-330, Retra Flash, Symbiosis SS2 (2018) (article) ↩
- Behind the scenes: strobe testing in the Red Sea (2018) (article) ↩
- Retra ceases production of Flash (2018) (article) ↩
- Eneloop battery advisory (2018) (article) ↩
- Mike Bartick effective snooting (2018) (article) ↩
- Seacam 60D review (2019) (article) ↩
- ONEUW 160X review — Alex Mustard (2019) (article) ↩
- Backscatter MF-1 announcement (2019) (article) ↩
- TURTLE SMART TTL converter (2019) (article) ↩
- Retra Pro and Prime ship (2020) (article) ↩
- Backscatter MF-1 review — Mike Bartick (2020) (article) ↩
- UW Technics HSS TTL boards (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Foolproof Flash Firing (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Strobe Diffusers (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Off-Camera Lighting Tools (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Snoot Round-Up (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Strobe Flood Advice (2020) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Strobe Troubleshooting (2021) (article) ↩
- Retra Pro X / Prime X (2021) (article) ↩
- Scubalamp D-Max and Retra Pro review (2021) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Strobe Power Primer (2021) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: How Long Do Strobes Last (2021) (article) ↩
- Ikelite new DS strobes (2021) (article) ↩
- Seacam Seaflash 160D field report (2021) (article) ↩
- Marelux SOFT (2022) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live: Strobes vs Lights for Off-Camera (2022) (article) ↩
- Backscatter MF-2 (2022) (article) ↩
- UW Technics TTL board for Canon in Marelux (2022) (article) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 6: TTL or Manual (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 7: Foolproof Flash Firing (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 12: Strobe Diffusers (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 20: Strobe Arms and Clamps (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 27: Lights vs Strobes (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 45: Strobe Advice (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 48: Off-Camera Strobe Tools (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 66: Snoot Round-Up (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 80: Flooded Strobe Advice (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 138: Strobe Troubleshooting (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 161: Strobe Power Guide (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 177: Pimp Your Strobes (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 209: Creative Single Strobe Use (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 211: Strobe Lifespan (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 238: Choosing an Underwater Flash (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 247: Critical Strobe Triggering Advice (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 252: Strobe Batteries (unknown) ↩
- Wetpixel Live Ep. 254: Strobes vs Lights Off-Camera (unknown) ↩